(They also received more worldly rewards, such as papal protection of their property and forgiveness of some kinds of loan payments.) Crusaders, who wore red crosses on their coats to advertise their status, believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins and ensure that they could spend all eternity in Heaven. Toward the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades, to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land. And religious scholars and mystics translated, interpreted and taught the Quran and other scriptural texts to people across the Middle East. Inventors devised technologies like the pinhole camera, soap, windmills, surgical instruments, an early flying machine and the system of numerals that we use today. Scholars translated Greek, Iranian and Indian texts into Arabic. Poets, scientists and philosophers wrote thousands of books (on paper, a Chinese invention that had made its way into the Islamic world by the 8th century).
Under the caliphs, great cities such as Cairo, Baghdad and Damascus fostered a vibrant intellectual and cultural life. At its height, the medieval Islamic world was more than three times bigger than all of Christendom. After the prophet Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, Muslim armies conquered large parts of the Middle East, uniting them under the rule of a single caliph. Meanwhile, the Islamic world was growing larger and more powerful. These policies helped it to amass a great deal of money and power. Ordinary people across Europe had to “tithe” 10 percent of their earnings each year to the Church at the same time, the Church was mostly exempt from taxation. The people of the Middle Ages had squandered the advancements of their predecessors, this argument went, and mired themselves instead in what 18th-century English historian Edward Gibbon called “barbarism and religion.” Accordingly, they dismissed the period after the fall of Rome as a “Middle” or even “Dark” age in which no scientific accomplishments had been made, no great art produced, no great leaders born. Starting around the 14th century, European thinkers, writers and artists began to look back and celebrate the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. The phrase “Middle Ages” tells us more about the Renaissance that followed it than it does about the era itself. Many scholars call the era the “medieval period” instead “Middle Ages,” they say, incorrectly implies that the period is an insignificant blip sandwiched between two much more important epochs. But, we are more for public interest and public peace in the country," the Bench said, adding that it was satisfied that the HC had considered the matter threadbare before upholding the ban.People use the phrase “Middle Ages” to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. But, if an ordinary citizen reads your book, then there could be some misconception leading to clash between communities," the Bench said refusing to entertain the appeal. You are entitled to criticise a religion. "We should not allow this kind of book to be read by citizens. We have held that criticism of Islam is permissible like criticism of any other religion and the book cannot be banned on that ground.But the author has gone on to pass insulting comments on Islam." Dismissing the appeal against the HC order, an apex court Bench comprising Justices P Sathasivam and H L Dattu said it agreed with the HC that a person's freedom to expression permitted him to criticise a religion, but it could not be at the cost of public interest and public peace. "The way this sensitive topic is handled by the author, it is likely to arouse the emotions and sensibilities of even strong minded people. The Bombay High Court had said that the state government committed no wrong by banning the book.
Petitioner R V Bhasin had challenged the state government's 2007 decision four years after the publication of the book to ban it on the ground that it perpetrated hatred against Muslims, promoted enmity between communities and on the apprehension that it would breach harmony in society. NEW DELHI: The Supreme Court on Friday said it was more concerned with peace in society than a person's fundamental right to freedom of speech and upheld a Maharashtra government ban on a book titled " A Concept of Political World Invasion by Muslims".
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